![]() ![]() For example, an author wanting to refer to a source in their third footnote would cite: See supra note 3. Supra (Latin for “above”) is an academic and legal citation signal used when a writer desires to refer a reader to an earlier-cited authority. ![]() Supra is used when referring to the same source in a footnote that is not immediately above. is an abbreviation for the Latin word ibīdem, meaning “in the same place”, commonly used in an endnote, footnote, bibliography citation, or scholarly reference to refer to the source cited in the preceding note or list item. Smith, the style would typically be “Smith op. is an abbreviation of the Latin phrase opere citato, meaning “in the work cited.” It is used in an endnote or footnote to refer the reader to a previously cited work, standing in for repetition of the full title of the work. It sits slightly above the line of text.Ĭit. In a footnote referencing system, you indicate a reference by: Putting a small number above the line of type directly following the source material. When two consecutive notes come from the same place, the word ibid. The word ibid is short for the Latin word ibidem, meaning “in the same place.” Modern writers use it in reference notes on a larger written work, giving details about the origin of information used in the larger text. ( from ibidem, “in the same place”) usually refers to a single work cited in the note immediately preceding. “Shortened citations versus “ibid.” The abbreviation ibid. 8 When to use a cross reference in a footnote?.7 Can a footnote be used in more than one citation?.6 How do you cite a footnote in a footnote?. ![]()
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